Optimal Growing Conditions

Citrus plants originate from a Mediterranean climate, characterized by its hot, dry summers, mild winters, and high light levels throughout the year. To replicate these conditions, ensure your citrus plants have access to full sunlight and are planted in well-draining soil to avoid waterlogging. During the winter months, rainfall is the primary source of hydration for these plants, so watering schedules should be adjusted to mimic this pattern.

Summer Care

In the summer, citrus plants should be placed outdoors to benefit from the higher light levels and improved air circulation, which are essential for their health. It is critical to shelter them from strong, cold winds that can damage the foliage and fruit. Container growing is recommended for better control over the growing environment. Containers also facilitate the movement of plants to optimal locations throughout the season.

Winter Protection

Citrus plants are not frost-hardy and require protection from low winter temperatures. A cool but not cold rest period during winter is beneficial for inducing dormancy and ensuring a healthy flowering period in the spring. Specific temperature requirements vary by species, with lemons needing at least 10°C, Calamondin Oranges 13°C, and other varieties may tolerate down to 7°C. Positioning plants near a window in a greenhouse or conservatory can provide the necessary light levels without exposing the plants to freezing temperatures. Watering should be moderated during this period, with the top layer of soil allowed to dry out between watering sessions. Switching to a balanced fertilizer during the winter months will help maintain plant health without encouraging new growth that could be damaged by winter temperatures.

Pruning Practices

Pruning is essential for maintaining the desired shape and size of citrus trees and for promoting healthy airflow through the branches. There are generally two pruning periods for citrus. The first is in February, when any misplaced shoots or branches can be removed, and branches can be shortened to maintain a bushy appearance. The second is during the summer when the vigorous growth of new shoots may need to be pinched back to keep the tree's shape in check. It is also normal for citrus trees to shed some fruit during periods of heavy fruit set; this natural thinning process prevents the tree from overbearing.

Feeding Requirements

Citrus plants are heavy feeders and require a consistent supply of nutrients to support their growth and fruit production. From spring through late October, use a high-nitrogen fertilizer to promote foliage and fruit development. As the growing season winds down, switch to a balanced fertilizer that will continue to provide essential nutrients without stimulating new growth that could be damaged by winter temperatures.

Repotting Schedule

The best time to repot citrus plants is in the early spring before the onset of the growth period. Use a loam-based compost with a slightly acidic pH, which is preferred by citrus plants. If your water supply is hard, consider using an ericaceous compost to maintain the correct acidity. Adding grit to the compost improves drainage, which is crucial for citrus health. When repotting, increase the pot size gradually to prevent overpotting, which can lead to water retention and root rot.

Temperature Regulation

Maintaining a stable temperature within the recommended range is vital for citrus health. Sudden temperature fluctuations can cause stress, leading to leaf drop or failure to fruit. During hot, dry conditions, leaves can become scorched. To mitigate this, place a tray of gravel and water beneath the pot to increase humidity around the plant, being careful to keep the water level below the gravel to prevent root rot.

Integrated Pest Management

Pests such as Red Spider Mites, Scale Insects, and Mealybugs can be detrimental to citrus plants. Regular monitoring for signs of infestation and early intervention is key. For Red Spider Mites, look for fine webbing and treat with soapy water or introduce biological predators like Phytoseiulus persimilis. Scale Insects may appear as bumps on stems and leaves and can be treated with horticultural oils or by introducing natural predators. Mealybugs present as white, cottony deposits and can be controlled with alcohol wipes or biological agents. Chemical treatments are available but should be used as a last resort, especially on plants intended for fruit production.